Justice Frank Murphy (1890 - 1949) was the trial judge in both Sweet trials. Clarence Darrow wrote in his autobiography The Story of My Life: "When I went to court to arrange for the trial, I found a judge who not only seemed human, but who proved to be the kindliest and most understanding man I have ever happened to meet on the bench, Judge Frank Murphy . . . ."

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-47787.

Significantly the defense convinced Judge Murphy to allow Ossian Sweet to testify about his early experiences with racial discrimination and violence and about stories his grandfather told him about racism. The defense needed to show that Ossian and the other defendants feared for their lives in order to successfully argue self defense. During the first trial, Arthur Garfield Hays had Ossian describe the mob scene in front of his house on September 9, 1925 and then asked what his state of mind was at the time of the shooting. Ossian answered:

"When I opened the door and saw the mob, I realized I was facing the same mob that had hounded my people through its entire history. In my mind I was pretty confident of what I was up against, with my back against the wall. I was filled with a peculiar fear, the fear of one who knows the history of my race."

Prosecutor Lester Moll later commented that "Dr. Sweet's testimony was the turning point in the trial."

Photo courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.

Ossian Sweet (1895 - 1960) was born in Orlando, Florida. His family later moved to Bartow, Florida. He was named after a Reconstruction-era governor, Ossian B. Hart, who had appointed an uncle of Ossian's mother to the position of Justice of the Peace in 1873. In 1909, at age 13, Ossian traveled to Xenia Ohio to attend Wilberforce University. He graduated from Wilberforce and in 1917 was accepted to Howard University medical school. He graduated from Howard with a medical degree in 1921 and then moved to Detroit as a new doctor. In November 1921 he passed the Michigan state medical exam.


Photo courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.

Gladys was Ossian Sweet's wife. She was arrested and charged with murder along with the other defendants who were present in the Sweet's house on the evening of the shooting.

Photo courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.

National Archives and Records Administration, ARC Identifier 559200

Executive Secretary of the N.A.A.C.P. James Weldon Johnson stated after the Henry Sweet trial: "The verdict was recorded upon the oath of the jury and thus was reached what we believe to be the end of the most dramatic court trial involving the fundamental rights of the Negro in his whole history in this country." James Weldon Johnson, Detroit, 32 The Crisis 117, 120 (1926).

Laura W. Waring, Artist. National Archives and Records Administration. ARC Identifier 559201 / Local Identifier H-HNP-24

Frank Murphy was a judge in the Recorder's Court of the City of Detroit from 1923 to 1930 and the trial judge in the Sweet trials. Judge Murphy was very sympathetic to the defense. He made a key ruling by allowing the defense to introduce testimony from Ossian Sweet about specific acts of racism he had seen and experienced as a child or had heard about from his grandfather who told him about slavery, and how these experiences created fear in Ossian. Without this testimony the prosecution could argue that the defendants were not sufficiently in fear to justify self defense. Clarence Darrow wrote in "The Story of My Life":

"A man who practices law in the criminal courts should be able to tell something about a man by looking at his face. A large part of his work is sizing up judges, jurors, and witnesses at the first glance. At any rate, I did not take a change of venue from Judge Frank Murphy, and an extended and rather close association with him convinced me that I was not mistaken in him." Portrait from the Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States (Artist: Elek Kanarek).

After the Sweet trials, Frank Murphy went on to serve as Mayor of Detroit, Governor of Michigan, the last Governor-General of the Philippines and the first High Commissioner of the Philippines, United States Attorney General, and United States Supreme Court Justice.

Moncure Daniel Conway (1832 - 1907) was an abolitionist, Unitarian clergyman and author. Conway was born into a slaveholding family but later became an outspoken abolitionist. In 1862 Conway helped lead his father's slaves, who had escaped to Washington during the war, to freedom in Ohio.

On May 19, 1901 Clarence Darrow gave a speech to a black audience at the Men's Club in Chicago titled "The Problem of the Negro." He told the audience that during the previous week he had conversations with two men about the race question:

"The first was born in Virginia upon a plantation, and knew what slavery was-he is one of the ablest men in the United States, a man who has given his whole life to the cause of human liberty--Mr. Moncure D. Conway. Beginning life as a Methodist minister, he graduated from that to a Congregational minister, and from that he graduated out of all the churches. He had the spirit of abolitionism and, while he was the son of a slaveholder, born with the slaves, he did not believe in slavery. He entered the cause of abolitionism way back when John Brown entered it; he entered it with Wendell Phillips, with William Lloyd Garrison, with Henry Ward Beecher, and with all the great men who made the cause of abolitionism famous, and I may say sacred, as a great cause for human liberty."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moncure_Daniel_Conway.jpg

Reverdy Cassius Ransom (1861 - 1959) was a black Christian socialist, civil rights activist, and Methodist Bishop. Ransom was a leading figure in what has been termed the "Social Gospel Movement." While working in Chicago, Ransom came in contact with whites, who were involved in settlement house and charity organizations. Through these contacts he came to know Clarence Darrow and the two became friends. Courtesy of: Payne Theological Seminary

One of the most infamous cases involving racial prejudice in the history of the United States was the legal travesty inflicted on the "Scottsboro boys" the name given to nine young blacks falsely accused of raping two white women on a freight train in Alabama on March 25, 1931. Soon after the alleged attack, they were arrested and taken to jail in Scottsboro, Alabama. They were to be tried for rape for which they could be executed. Clarence Darrow and Arthur Garfield Hays agreed to defend the accused on behalf of the NAACP. However, the Communist Party through its legal branch, the International Labor Defense (ILD), wanted to use the case as propaganda to discredit the United States which setup a battle between the NAACP and the ILD to see who would represent the defendants. The defendants, intimidated and fearing for the lives, asserted that they wanted the ILD to represent them. The ILD told Darrow and Hays they could participate in the defense but they had to repudiate the NAACP and abide by the ILD's legal strategy. Darrow and Hays refused these conditions and withdrew from the case. According to one of his biographers, it was the only case Darrow withdrew from in his career. Credit: Michigan State University Library, Special Collections Division.

Arthur Barnett Spingarn (1878 - 1971) was a lawyer and civil rights leader. He was the chairman of the NAACP National Legal Committee during the Sweet trials. Other sources state that he was President of the NAACP National Legal Committee from 1940 - 1957. He was President of the NAACP from 1940 - 1965.
After the Sweets and the other defendants were arrested and charged with murder, the NAACP worked to find top notch lawyers to defend them. A committee consisting of James Weldon Johnson, the first black secretary of the NAACP, Walter White, assistant secretary of the NAACP, Arthur Spingarn, and Charles Studin went to meet with Clarence Darrow to try and convince him to take the case. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-110586

Edward Morris was born in Kentucky, the son of a slave, and later became one of most successful black attorneys in Chicago. He was only the fifth black to pass the Illinois bar. Morris became good friends with Clarence Darrow and worked with Darrow to defend Oscar DePriest. Morris was elected to the Illinois General Assembly in 1891 as a Republican. He also served as the attorney for the town of South Chicago in 1892 and 1896, and in 1895 served as an assistant attorney for Cook County. Morris helped several young black lawyers and law students including Fredrick L. McGhee, who in 1885 went into practice with Morris, who by that time was referred to as Chicago's "dean of colored lawyers." McGee later moved to St. Paul, Minnesota and became the first black lawyer admitted to the bar in Minnesota. McGee went on to become an important civil rights advocate.

The G.U.O.O.F. under Morris's name refers to the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, a fraternal organization founded in 1843 for black members with a charter from the Grand Lodge in Manchester, England. Photo from: The Official History and Manual of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America: A Chronological Treatise ... by Charles H Brooks (1902).

Charles Waddell Chesnutt (1858 - 1932) was an African-American author, essayist and political activist. In 1907 he wrote a letter to Clarence Darrow thanking him for sending a copy of a speech Darrow gave about blacks and racism at the Bethel Church in Chicago in December 1906. Photo is from "The Negro Problem: A Series of Articles by Representative American Negroes of Today" by Booker T. Washington (1903). Chesnutt Letter to Darrow

Edward H. Morris was a prominent Chicago attorney and politician. Clarence Darrow was a friend and colleague of Morris. Darrow publicly spoke out in support of Morris when he believed Morris was unfairly treated because of his race by a committee of the Chicago Bar Association. The committee issued a report on candidates for judges in which it said Morris was not fit for the bench and also mentioned that he was colored. Darrow wrote a letter in November 1923 to the editor of The BROAD AX, a black Chicago newspaper, in which he protested the "unfair treatment received by Edward H. Morris at the hands of the Chicago Bar Association and its committee." Darrow accused the committee of being prompted "solely" by Morris's color and he praised Morris's ability:

"I know of no man on either ticket who is better qualified or whom I believe would make a better judge, and I trust that the colored voters of this City will give him such a vote as emphatically to show their disapproval of the report and the action."

Photo from Appleton's Magazine (1903).

Henry Sweet, a younger brother of Ossian Sweet, was the sole defendant in the second trial. Henry was the only defendant to admit to firing a gun on the night of the murder. Perry and Chawke were associate defense counsel.

Photo courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.

Jurors in the second Sweet trial in which Henry Sweet, the brother of Ossian Sweet was tried by himself for murder. Henry was the only defendant to admit that he fired shots that night. The trial was held from April 19 to May 13, 1926.
Top Row (right to left)
Charles Thorne, William B. Brunswick, Edward W. Bernie, John M. Allen, James S. Spencer, Charles Phillips

Bottom Row (right to left)
Charles L. Dann, Ralph Fuelling, George C. Small (jury foreman), Richard Adams, William J. Simpson, Lewis J. Sutton

Photo courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.

Dec, 1932
James Weldon Johnson, Executive Secretary of the NAACP, described the end of Clarence Darrow's closing argument in the Henry Sweet trial:

"He closed his argument with an appeal that did not leave a dry eye in the courtroom. When he finished I walked over to him to express in behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People my appreciation and thanks. His eyes were shining and wet. He placed his hands on my shoulders. I stammered out a few words but broke down and wept, and I was not ashamed of my tears." James Weldon Johnson & Sondra K. Wilson, The Selected Writings of James Weldon Johnson: Social, Political, and Literary Essays, 87 (1995).

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-42498.

Dec, 1938
Walter White was the assistant secretary of the NAACP during the Sweet trials and later served as executive secretary of the NAACP from 1931 to 1955. White and Clarence Darrow were good friends. Before White and his wife Gladys had a son in 1927, Clarence and Ruby Darrow told the Whites that they wanted the baby to be their namesake. The Whites agreed and when the baby was born in June he was given the name Walter Carl Darrow White - a combination of names from his father, Clarence Darrow and Carl Van Vechten, a white literary critic, novelist and patron of the Harlem Renaissance. Years later, after a falling out with his father the son changed his name to just Carl Darrow. Carl Darrow was commonly called "Pidge."

Photograph by Carl Van Vechten. Used with permission of the Van Vechten Trust. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

In 1925 Walter White was an assistant secretary of the NAACP. White was instrumental in hiring Clarence Darrow to defend the Sweets and the other defendants. By the time White arrived in Detroit, the defendants had already hired three black attorneys. White informed the black attorneys that it was the position of the NAACP's national office that a white attorney "of the very highest standing should be retained at once" because even the "fairest-minded white citizens" of Detroit believed that the defendants had fired and killed a man without provocation. August Meier & Elliott Rudwick, Attorneys Black and White: A Case Study of Race Relations within the NAACP, 62 THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY 913, 930 (1976). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USF34-013344-C

Apr, 1963
In his posthumously published autobiography, Roy Wilkins wrote "Darrow was an agnostic who didn't acknowledge the divinity of Christ but who honored the Golden Rule far better that [sic] most white Christians, and he won the case. One night, while the jury was still out, I went down to the Kansas City Star to see if any of the wire services had word of a verdict. It was the most important housing case of the twenties, but when I asked a white news editor about the story, he looked up at me blankly and mumbled, "The Sweet Case? Never heard of it." Roy Wilkins, Tom Mathews, STANDING FAST: THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ROY WILKINS, 64 (1994). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsc-01273

Charles Houston Hamilton was Dean of Howard University Law School. Mordecai Johnson, the first African American president of Howard University, named Houston to head the law school in 1929. Houston got Clarence Darrow and other prominent lawyers to lecture at Howard University Law School. Photo from the Scurlock Studio Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, most commonly referred to as W.E.B. Du Bois, was one of most important black leaders of his time. His call for a "The Talented Tenth" of highly educated black men to assume leadership roles for their race inspired Ossian Sweet.

William Sanders Scarborough was president of Wilberforce University from 1908 to 1920 which included the time that Ossian Sweet attended. Scarborough was born into slavery in Macon, Georgia, in 1852. He went on to become the first African American classical scholar.

Ossian Sweet attended Wilberforce University and earned a bachelor of science degree. Named in honor of the famous 18th century British abolitionist, William Wilberforce, it is the oldest private, historically black university in the United States. Xenia is about 21 miles from Dayton and Cincinnati, Ohio. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZC4-3406.

In 1930, blacks formed only about .8 percent of the attorneys in the United States with the number in the South even lower. Because of this white lawyers were critical to the NAACP in its first two decades. Before 1930, prominent white lawyers handled most of the NAACP's legal activity.

Photos from album: Negro life in Georgia, U.S.A., compiled and prepared by W.E.B. Du Bois, v. 4, no. 352. PART OF: Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963. Du Bois albums of photographs of African Americans in Georgia exhibited at the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division,LC-DIG-ppmsca-08768.

This row house in downtown Washington was the original home of the Howard University Law School when Charles Hamilton Houston was dean. Houston created demanding academic standards, brought in prominent lawyers to give lectures and instilled in his students a strong sense of mission to use law to end racial discrimination. Clarence Darrow lectured at Howard University Law School. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-npcc-19248.

"Photograph shows exterior view of large house with many leafless trees around it; a man, possibly Prof. William S. Scarborough, and a woman stand in front." Photograph from the American Negro exhibit at the Exposition universelle internationale de 1900. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-132533.

Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856 - 1915) was a very prominent black educator, speaker, and writer. He most remembered as one of the most important national leaders of the African-American community. He was born into slavery because his mother was a slave although his father was white. He was freed by the Civil War in 1865. He later became head of the new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama which was then a teachers' college for blacks. Washington advocated a conservative approach to racial equality that emphasized the importance for blacks to earn a practical education and learn job skills instead of demanding full equality. There was a sharp divide between Washington and other black leaders such as William Du Bois who thought Washington was accommodating racism and hindering the quest for racial equality. Clarence Darrow sided with Du Bois instead of Washington: "The path before the colored race is very long and very hard. The first thing to find out is what are you really going to do. I have felt very many times that Booker T. Washington was not on the right path, and I would not say this too positively because I know how devoted he is to the cause of the colored people, and I believe he is honest and sincere, but I want to tell you why I have felt many times that he is not on the right track, and in this I, too, may be wrong, and I may not fairly estimate Washington." The Problem of the Negro, speech given by Clarence Darrow to African-American audience in Chicago, May 19, 1901. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-119897.

John Brown (1800 - 1859) was the most notorious and controversial abolitionists in the history of the United States. Brown despised slavery and believed in direct action to abolish it. In May 1856 he and his supporters killed five pro-slavery southerners in Kansas in an attack that came to be known as the Pottawatomie Massacre. On October 16, 1859, Brown led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown planned to seize weapons from the arsenal and arm slaves to start an insurrection to end slavery. But the raid ended in failure when Marines led by Robert E. Lee along with local farmers and militiamen killed or captured most of Brown's men. Brown was seriously wounded. He was tried and convicted of treason and sentenced to death. Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859. The raid on Harpers Ferry was a major factor leading to the Civil War in 1862.

Clarence Darrow was a great admirer of John Brown and often gave a lecture about him. However a myth has grown from an erroneous account by Irving Stone in his biography of Darrow. Stone wrote that the abolitionist John Brown came to Kinsman to confer with Amirus Darrow and that Brown laid his hand on the then five year old Clarence Darrow and told him "The Negro has too few friends; you and I must never desert him." Several sources have pointed it out this cannot be true because Brown was hanged in 1859 when Clarence was two years old. However, Ohio was an important part of the Underground Railroad which went through the area where the Darrow family lived. This area was strongly abolitionist and Brown got his men ready for the raid on Harpers Ferry in West Andover, Ohio which is about fifteen miles from Kinsman where the Darrow family lived. So it is possible that Amirus Darrow, who was an abolitionist, met Brown at some point. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-89569

Howard was a Civil War hero, a founder of Howard University, and commissioner of the Freedman's Bureau. CREDIT: Brady National Photographic Art Gallery, photographer. Portrait of Major General Oliver O. Howard, Officer of the Federal Army. Between 1860 and 1865. Selected Civil War Photographs, 1861-1865, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.

Watson was a United States Senator from 1920 until his death in 1922. He was the editor of Watson's Magazine and Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine. Watson and his publications were very anti-Semite, anti-Catholic and anti-black. Watson's Magazine severely criticized Clarence Darrow for advocating interracial marriage when Darrow spoke at the second annual conference of the National Negro Committee in New York on May 12-14, 1910. This meeting has been identified as the beginning of the NAACP. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-130993.

William English Walling (1877 - 1936) was a co-founder of the NAACP. Walling and Clarence Darrow corresponded by letter. Courtesy of the Kentucky Commission on Human Rights

John Garibaldi Sargent (1860 - 1939) was the Attorney General of the United States from 1925 to 1929. In 1939, Samuel Moore, an African-American prisoner in the Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, wrote a letter to Ruby Darrow asking her if she had anything to help substantiate a promise that Attorney General Sargent made to Ruby and Clarence Darrow in regard to Moore's parole. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ggbain-16331

In 1928 Clarence Darrow and his son Paul sold their stock in Greeley Gas & Fuel Company in Colorado and made a large profit. Darrow believed that he and his wife were now financially secure and could enjoy a good retirement. Both son and father invested their profits in the stock market. Thinking he was financially secure for life, Darrow arranged for a portion of his lecture fees to go to the NAACP and a smaller percent to go towards a monument to the abolitionist John Brown. His gift to the NAACP was substantial since he was popular enough as a speaker to command $500 to $1,000 per program. But Darrow's retirement plans would suffer financial catastrophe in the 1929 stock market crash. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-106337

Ossian B. Hart (1821 - 1874) a Republican, was the tenth governor of Florida serving from January 1873 until his death on March 18, 1874. Ossian Sweet was named in honor of Ossian Hart, a progressive who had good relations with black citizens in Florida. Ossian's Sweet's oldest brother, who died in infancy, was named after Ossian Hart's brother.

William Wilberforce (1759 - 1833) was a British politician, philanthropist and one of the most important leaders of the movement to abolish the slave trade. Ossian Sweet attended and graduated from Wilberforce University which was named in honor of William Wilberforce. It is the nation's oldest private, historically black university. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117450

Daniel Hale Williams (1856 - 1931) was an American surgeon and is considered to be the first African-American cardiologist. For a time, Williams was Clarence Darrow's personal physician. Williams is credited with performing one of the first successful heart surgeries in 1893. He also founded Provident Hospital, the first non-segregated hospital in the United States in Chicago in 1891. Williams graduated from Chicago Medical College of Northwestern University in 1883. Other honors Williams earned include: surgeon-in-chief of the Freedman's Hospital in Washington, D.C. from 1883-1898; first African-American member of the American College of Surgeons; and professor of clinical surgery at Meharry Medical College in Nashville Tennessee. When Ossian Sweet decided to become a doctor there were only about 2,500 black doctors in the United States. Dr. Williams was one of the most famous. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Hale_Williams.jpg

Charles Hamilton Houston, vice-dean of Howard University Law School from 1929 until 1935, was instrumental in forming the legal strategy that led to the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Houston built Howard law school into a first rate program, in part, by engaging guest lecturers such as Dean Roscoe Pound of Harvard Law School and Clarence Darrow. Howard Law School was accredited by the American Bar Association in 1931. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-35752

John M. Latting was one of the eleven defendants in the first Sweet trial. Latting was a friend of Henry Sweet, the younger brother of Ossian Sweet and he was helping Ossian and his wife move into their new house when he was caught up in the ensuing events. Dr. Latting graduated from Wilberforce University in 1927 and earned a degree in dentistry from Howard University in 1932. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-35751.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-40468.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-35750.

Nov, 1901
Cover from an issue of The International Socialist Review that printed a lecture delivered by Clarence Darrow to a mostly African-American audience at the Men's Club in Chicago on May 19, 1901. Full-text available above.

According to Du Bois, there were two factors that distinguished the Sweet trials from other trials involving blacks during this time period:

"First, the American Negro went down in his pocket and for the first time in his history put into the treasury of the N.A.A.C.P. an amount of money that meant that these defendants would have a chance for a fair trial. Justice in the United States costs money. No pauper need apply at the barred gates of our criminal courts. Secondly, we found in Clarence Darrow a man who dared; whose whole life has been daring; who has had the rare moral courage to stand and defend, with his singular sincerity, unpopular causes." Michael J. Klarman, The Racial Origins of Modern Criminal Procedure, 99 MICH. L. REV. 48, 90 (2000).

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-28485

Clarence Darrow was friends with Edward H. Morris one of most successful black attorneys in Chicago and who earned the compliment the "dean of colored lawyers." Morris was a mentor to several young black law lawyers and law students including Fredrick L. McGhee (1861 - 1912) who was born into slavery. In 1885, at the age of twenty-four, McGhee went into practice with Morris. McGhee later moved to St. Paul, Minnesota and became the first black lawyer admitted to the bar in Minnesota. McGhee went onto become an important civil rights advocate. He was a co-founder, with W.E.B. Dubois and others, of the "Niagara Movement," the forerunner of the NAACP. Photo from "How to Solve the Race Problem: The Proceedings of the Washington Conference on the Race Problem in the United States" by Jesse Lawson, National Sociological Society (1904).

Provident Hospital, the first interracial hospital in the United States was founded in Chicago in 1891. One of its principal founders was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams (1856 - 1931). Williams was a surgeon and is considered to be the first African-American cardiologist. For a time, Williams was Clarence Darrow's personal physician. Darrow supported Provident Hospital and served on its board. Photo from The Crisis (1915).

Clarence Darrow was friends with both Oscar Depriest and Daniel Hale Williams. Oscar DePriest (1871 - 1951) was born in Alabama to former slaves and became Chicago's first black alderman. Darrow successfully defended DePriest in 1917 when he was tried on conspiracy charges for allegedly protecting illegal gambling and prostitution operations. In 1928, DePriest was elected to Congress as a member of the Republican Party. He became the first black elected to Congress since Reconstruction. Daniel Hale Williams (1856 - 1931) was an American surgeon and is considered to be the first African-American cardiologist. For a time, Williams was Clarence Darrow's personal physician. Williams is credited with performing one of the first successful heart surgeries in 1893. He also founded Provident Hospital, the first non-segregated hospital in the United States in Chicago in 1891. Photo from volume 10 of The Crisis (1915). DePriest Letter to Darrow

Published in The Crisis (1915).

Jessie Binga was a prominent black banker in Chicago who lost everything due to the Great Depression and a conviction for embezzlement. In 1933, Binga was convicted of embezzling $22,000 and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Clarence Darrow knew Binga for about thirty years. The New York Times reported in Clarence Darrow's obituary in March 1938 that "Mr. Darrow's last recorded act on behalf of unfortunates occurred March 31, 1936, when he drove to the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet, accompanied by a priest and two nuns, to appear as a witness before a subcommittee of the State Parole Board to urge the release on parole of Jesse Binga, 71-year-old Negro ex-banker serving a one to ten year sentence on a charge of embezzlement." But it was not until 1938 that the work of Darrow and other Binga supporters gained Binga's release. Binga lived twelve more years, eking out an existence as a janitor. Photo is from The Crisis (1921).

Oct, 1921
Simmons was the founder of the second Ku Klux Klan on Thanksgiving Night of 1915 on Stone Mountain, a granite dome, in Stone Mountain, Georgia. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-104018

Bert Williams (1875 - 1922) was one of the most successful black comedians and entertainers of his time. During his closing argument in the Henry Sweet trial, Prosecutor Robert Toms tried to show that he was not prejudiced. He said at one point: "But I want to tell you this, that among my pet prejudices, I do not hold one against the negro. I have known some fine negroes. I once ate dinner with Bert Williams, and spent the evening with him; as delightful an evening as I ever spent." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-64934.

D. C. Stephenson (1891 - 1966) was a former Grand Dragon of the Indiana Ku Klux Klan and 22 other northern states. As leader of the Klan, Stephenson had become very politically and financially powerful. There is hardly any mention in any historical or contemporary account of Clarence Darrow's legal career that in 1931 Darrow joined Stephenson's defense team during appeals to get him released from prison. The events leading to Stephenson's legal troubles began on the evening of March 15, 1925 when Stephenson and some of his henchmen kidnapped Madge Oberholtzer, a 28year-old schoolteacher, whom Stephenson had occasionally dated during the preceeding two months. Oberholtzer was forced to drink whiskey, forced onto a train to Chicago where in a private train car she was brutally raped and bitten all over her body by a drunk and demented Stephenson. She was held captive in hotel for nearly two days during which she attempted suicide twice, once with a gun and once by ingesting Bichloride of mercury. When Oberholtzer became very ill her kidnappers decided to drive her back to Indianapolis. At one point Oberholtzer threatened Stephenson with arrest at which he allegedly laughed and told her "I am the law." Oberholtzer was eventually taken to her home and sought medical attention. But her condition worsened and on March 28 she described the crime she suffered at the hands of Stephenson. She died on April 14 from infection and kidney failure due to mercury poisoning.

Stephenson was arrested, tried and on November 16, 1925 he was convicted of murder in the second degree and sentenced to life imprisonment. On July 7, 1931 the Chicago Daily Tribune reported that Clarence Darrow had joined Stephenson's defense to help in his appeals to get out of prison. The story noted that Darrow's appearance before the Indiana Supreme Court was prevented when the attorneys agreed to file written briefs instead of give oral arguments. In January 1932 the Supreme Court of Indiana affirmed Stephenson's murder conviction. The kidnapping and murder of Oberholtzer was so shocking it helped end the rise of the KKK in Indiana.

Stephenson was paroled on March 23, 1950, but violated parole by disappearing around September 1950. Stephenson moved to Robbinsdale, Minnesota where he was arrested on November 11, 1950. He was held in the Hennepin County jail for about a year while he fought extradition to Indiana. The Supreme Court of Minnesota ruled against Stephenson in November 1951 and he was sent back to Indiana. In 1951 he sentenced to serve another 10 years in prison. On December 21, 1956, Stephenson was given a Christmas clemency with dozens of other prisoners but this was conditioned on his leaving Indiana and never returning. In 1961, he was arrested on charges of sexually assaulting a sixteen-year-old girl in Missouri. Sources differ with some saying the charges were dropped, some saying he was fined and others saying he was sent to prison but was paroled in November 1961.

Letters between Stephenson and Clarence Darrow.

Photo from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Curtis_Stephenson.jpg

Sep, 1926
Dr. H.W. Evans, Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, leading his Knights of the Klan in the parade held in Washington, D.C. Hiram Wesley Evans (1881 - 1966) was Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan from 1922 until 1939. In 1931 Clarence Darrow helped defend David Curtiss "D. C." Stephenson (1891 - 1966), former Grand Dragon of the Indiana Ku Klux Klan and 22 other northern states, who was appealing a murder conviction. Stephenson was convicted for kidnapping and murdering Madge Oberholtzer, a 28 year-old schoolteacher in 1925. Stephenson and Darrow corresponded by letter between 1928 and 1931 while Stephenson was incarcerated at the Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, Indiana. Newspapers reported that on July 7, 1931 Darrow had joined Stephenson's defense. In his letters to Darrow Stephenson claimed H.W. Evans committed the murder and framed Stephenson.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-61303

Sep, 1926
Racial hostility became much worse in Detroit in the 1920s as the Ku Klux Klan rapidly gained considerable influence. Klan membership grew from about 3,000 in 1921 to about 22,000 by 1923. Walter White, at the time an assistant secretary of the NAACP, stated that "in the two years prior to 1925, 90 percent of the new recruits to the Detroit police force were southern whites, susceptible to Klan propaganda." During a special election for mayor held in November 1924 the Klan backed Charles Bowles. Bowles and his Klan backers were not very adept at politics and failed to get his name on the ballot in time, so Bowles had to run as a write-in candidate. Bowles lost the race to Johnny Smith, a Catholic, but it was a fairly close contest. Significantly, Smith's political connections enabled his campaign to get about seventeen thousand ballots rejected because of mistakes made in spelling Bowles' name. Bowles would have won if the ballots were not rejected. Since the 1924 race was a special election, a regular mayoral election was held in November 1925. Jury selection for the first Sweet trial went on during this tense election. The election was held on November 3, 1925, with Johnny Smith again facing Charles Bowles, who the Klan supported. Smith won again by a vote of 140,000 to 110,000. Jury selection ended the next day. The Klan's influence in Detroit began to collapse after this. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-59666.

May, 1929
Oscar Stanton DePriest (1871 - 1951) was born in Florence, Alabama to former slaves. He moved to Chicago in 1889. He was the first African-American elected to city council in Chicago and he served as an alderman for the 2nd Ward from 1915 to 1917. He resigned from this position in 1917 after being indicted for protecting South Side gamblers. DePriest hired Clarence Darrow to defend him and he was acquitted. He later served as a U.S. Representative from Illinois from 1929 to 1935. He was the first African-American to serve in Congress in the 20th century. LC-DIG-npcc-17479, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. DePriest Letter to Darrow

Langston Hughes (1902 - 1967) was an African-American writer and playwright associated with the Harlem Renaissance. In his book "Fight For Freedom: The Story Of The NAACP" (1962) Hughes stated that Clarence Darrow's closing argument in the Henry Sweet trial "has been called one of the greatest in the history of American jurisprudence." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-43605

Feb, 1942
Riot precipitated by whites attempting to prevent Negroes from occupying U.S. Federal Defense housing project. Tenants were moved in under police escort. Sign with American flag "We want white tenants in our white community," directly opposite the housing project. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USW3-016549-C.

Nov, 1942
Asa Philip Randolph (1889 - 1979) was a prominent civil rights and labor leader. He was founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1925 and the March on Washington Movement. Randolph was also an editor of the socialist black magazine The Messenger. In a 1919, he co-wrote with Chandler Owen an editorial in that magazine in which they urged self-defense to prevent lynchings and mob violence:

"Anglo Saxon jurisprudence recognizes the law of self-defense. Our information also records that the right of self-defense is recognized in the laws of all countries. . . . We are consequently urging Negroes and other oppressed groups confronted with lynching or mob violence to act upon the recognized and accepted law of self-defense. Always regard your own life as more important than the life of the person about to take yours, and if a choice has to be made between the sacrifice of your life and the loss of the lyncher's life, choose to preserve your own and to destroy that of the lynching mob."

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USW3-011696-C

Work entitled: JAMES WELDON JOHNSON - AUTHOR, DIPLOMAT, PUBLIC SERVANT, 1943. Created by African-American artist Charles Henry Alston. National Archives and Records Administration, ARC Identifier: 535623 Local Identifier: 208-COM-79.

Jun, 1947
Walter Francis White (1893 - 1955) served as the executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (N.A.A.C.P.) from 1931 - 1955. This photo is from an address given by President Truman at the closing session of the 38th annual conference of the N.A.A.C.P. at Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C. L to R: President Truman, Gen. Harry Vaughan (in back), Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, Captain James Foskett (in back), and Walter White. National Archives and Records Administration, ARC Identifier 199721

Jan, 1976
In an article he wrote in 1950 when he was Special Counsel to the NAACP Marshall stated that the Sweet trials "will always be remembered for the brilliant defense conducted by Clarence Darrow and the complete fairness of Judge Frank Murphy." Thurgood Marshall, Mr. Justice Murphy and Civil Rights, 48 MICH. L. REV. 745 (1950). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, LC-USZC6-26.